Biography

Professor Disney’s research interests involve the application of control theory and statistical techniques to operations management and supply chain scenarios to investigate their dynamic, stochastic, and economic performance. Stephen has a particular interest in the bullwhip effect, forecasting, and inventory management. Stephen has advised several of the world’s largest corporations on the bullwhip effect and his research has influenced the material flow of at least 1 in every 7 pounds of UK retail sales. He has worked with many companies in the UK, US, and Europe and on supply chains that operate globally.

Stephen Disney is currently a Professor of Operations Management within the Management department at the University of Exeter Business School. Recently he was the Head of the Science, Innovation, Technology and Entrepreneurship (SITE) department within the Business School from 2020-2022. Professor Disney is currently the Director of the Center for Simulation, Analytics, and Modelling. He is a member of COPIOR, the Committee of Professors in Operational Research and POMS, the Production and Operations Management Society. Stephen is an Associate Editor for the IMA Journal of Management Mathematics. He is also a member of the Editorial Board for the International Journal of Production Economics, the European Journal of Operational Research, and a member the Editorial Review Board for the Business Logistics Journal. Professor Disney is currently editing a Special Issue on Uncertainty in Operations and Supply Chain Management for the Journal of Operations Management.

Previously Professor Disney worked at Cardiff Business School, where he was Head of the Logistics and Operations Management department from 2012-2015 and Director of the Logistics Systems Dynamics Group from 2016-2019. He has extensive experience of teaching in-class, on-line, and on-site to Undergraduate, Postgraduate, and Executive audiences. He recently spent 12 months on Research Leave at the University of California, Los Angeles. Professor Disney has previously held visiting positions at the Chinese University of Hong Kong and at Boston University.

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Interests
  • Bullwhip effect
  • Supply chain dynamics
  • Inventory management
  • Forecasting
  • Control theory
  • Collaboration
  • Closed-loop supply chains
  • Dual sourcing
Education
  • PhD entitled "The Production and Inventory Control Problem in Vendor Managed Inventory Supply Chains", 2001

    Cardiff University

  • MSc in Systems Engineering, 1995

    Cardiff University

  • BSc in Manufacturing Systems and Manufacturing Management, 1994

    Cardiff University

Recent Publications

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(2023). Autocorrelated price-sensitive demand and the dynamics of supply chains. INFORMS Annual Meeting, October 15-18, Phoenix, USA.

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(2023). On the equivalence of the proportional and damped trend order-up-to policies: An eigenvalue analysis. International Journal of Production Economics, 265, 109005..

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(2023). The dynamics of the transition from make-to-stock to make-to-order. Western Operations Research Discussion Society, 19th July, University of Exeter, UK.

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(2023). Discrete control theory for inventory management: A tutorial. International Society for Inventory Research Summer School, Cardiff Business School, UK.

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(2023). Unifying the dynamics of make-to-stock and make-to-order supply chains. 16th International Society for Inventory Research Summer School, 24th-28th July, Cardiff, UK, 19 pages.

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Recent Posts

Teaching and Exec-Ed

I am currently teaching the following courses at the University of Exeter:

  • Operations and Project Management (Masters)
  • Mathematics and Statistics for Business Analytics (Masters)
  • Operations Analytics (Undergraduate)

In the past I have taught the following courses at the University of Exeter:

  • Operations Management (Undergraduate)
  • Data and Analytics (MBA)

I have also taught the following courses at Cardiff University:

  • Operations Management (Masters)
  • Project Management (Masters)
  • Operations Analytics (Masters)
  • Logistics and Transport Modeling (Undergraduate and Masters)
  • Supply Chain Modelling (Masters, service teaching for the Mathematics Department)
  • Operations Analysis (MBA, Exec MBA, and Part-time MBA)
  • Lean Operations (Exec MBA, and Part-time MBA)

I taught the following courses at Boston University, USA:

  • Project Management (Undergraduate)
  • Global Services and Supply Chain Management (Masters)
  • Quantitative and Qualitative Decision Making (Online Masters)

I also deliver executive education and training, including:

  • Lexmark (Supply Chain Dynamics)
  • Yeo Valley (Dynamic Value Stream Mapping)
  • UK Intellectual Property Office (Operations Management)
  • ACME Automotive Industry of India (Dynamic Value Stream Mapping)

I have recently developed a 1-2 day course for Exec-Ed delivery entitled “Setting the cadence of your pacemaker”. The course shows you how to use dynamic value stream mapping to solve the bullwhip problem. Topics covered include: replenishment strategy selection, forecasting, designing replenishment decisions, detailed scheduling, and supplier MRP. If you are interested in this type of training please contact me.

Apps & Add-ins

Shiny Apps

Shiny

Click here to be re-directed to a web-based Shiny App designed to support my paper on when Bullwhip increases in the lead-time that I am currently writing.
Click here to be re-directed to a web-based Shiny App designed to support my paper on SpeedFactories that has recently been published in Management Science.
Click here for a Shiny App where you can explore the dynamic impact of six different planning Strategies for setting the cadence of your pacemaker in a lean production system. The six strategies are Pure pull, Level, Forecast, Batch, Order-up-to, and Proportional order-up-to.
Click here to be re-directed to a web-based Shiny App that is able to make decisions under uncertainty based on the criteria Maximax, Maximin, Laplace, Minimax Regret, Hurwitz and the Maximum likelihood criteria. This Shiny App is also able to make risky decisions based on the Expected Monetary Value and Expected Opportunity Loss, as well to calculate the Expected Profit from a Perfect Predictor and the Expected Value of Perfect Information.
Click here to be re-directed to a web-based Shiny App that explores the economic order quantity and the economic production quantity decision. It also solves the re-order point problem for the EOQ model.
Click here for a Shiny App that explores the Standard Normal Distribution. This simple Shiny App is useful for determining safety stocks, fill rates, and many other operations management applications.
Click here for a Shiny App that determines the confidence intervals and sample size requirements in an Activity Sampling study. This Shiny App uses the Clopper-Pearson approach to determine the true Binomial Proportion Confidence Interval.

Excel Add-ins

Many of the mathematical functions required in operations management (OM) scenarios are not available in Microsoft Excel. To address this issue, I have created an Add-in that adds some OM functionality to Excel. The Add-in can be downloaded here.

To install this Add-in:

  1. Save the file onto your computer.
  2. Open Excel.
  3. Select Files/Options/Add-in/Manage Add-ins.
  4. Click ‘Go’.
  5. Browse to the folder where you saved the Add-in.
  6. Select the .xla file.
  7. Confirm the Operations Analysis Add-in is ticked in list of available Add-ins.

When you have done this, the following functions should now be available in Excel:

=InvLossFun(x)

Gives the inverse of the standard normal distribution function evaluated at x. This is a useful function when determining safety stock levels when net stock levels are normally distributed. This function has also been incorporated into my Shiny App for the standard normal distribution that is available here.

=LambertW(mode,z)

Gives the real solutions to the Lambert W function on the principle branch (when mode = 0) and the alternative branch (when mode = -1), evaluated at z. This function is useful for identifying stability boundaries (see Warburton et al. (2004)) and bullwhip expressions (see Warburton and Disney (2007)) in continuous time systems and also for identifying the Net Present Value of the cash flows in the EOQ problem (see Disney and Warburton (2013).

=CBk(phi_range,theta_range,k)

Calculates a critical bullwhip condition for ARMA(p,q) demand in the Order-Up-To policy with a lead-time of k periods. If CBk is positive bullwhip is generated. If CBk is negative bullwhip is avoided. This criteria even works with non-stationary demand. The maximum allowable k is set to 100 as otherwise it slows up the computer. More information can be found in Gaalman et al., (2018).

  • phi_range is an ordered list of the auto-regressive components of demand process.
  • theta_range is an ordered list of the moving components of the demand process.
  • k is the lead-time (without the sequence of events delay).

=DampedTrend(range, alpha, beta, phi, Tp, WIPQuery)

Calculates the Damped Trend forecast with a smoothing constant for the level of alpha, a smoothing constant for the trend of beta, a damping parameter of phi. More information can be found in Li and Disney, (2015).

  • range is the demand data that is to be forecasted.
  • alpha is the smothing constant used to predict the level.
  • beta is the smoothing constant used to predict the trend.
  • phi is the is the damping co-efficient that shapes the future demand projections.
  • WIPQuery. If WIPQuery is False then the Tp+1 period ahead forecast is calculated. If WIPQuery is True then the forecast calculated the sum of the forecasts over the next Tp periods.
  • Tp the forecast horizon over which you forecast. In the order-up-to policy Tp is the lead-time (without the sequence of events delay)

Note: When phi = 1, Holts forecasts are generated. When beta = 0, exponential smoothing forecasts are generated.

=Fillrate(mu1,sigma1,mu2,sigma2,rho)

Calculates the fill rate when demand and inventory is normally distributed. Both demand and inventory can be correlated, cross-correlated, and possibly negative in some periods which makes this calculation much more robust than many other other fillrate formulas. More information can be found in Disney et al., (2015).

  • mu1 is the mean of the opening inventory (opening inventory = previous closing inventory + demand),
  • sigma1 is the standard deviation of the opening inventory,
  • mu2 is the mean demand,
  • sigma2 is the standard deviation of demand and
  • rho is the Pearson Correlation Coefficient between the opening inventory and demand.

=FillrateInv(mu1,sigma1,mu2,sigma2,rho,FR,openTNS)

Calculates the safety stock required to achive a target fill rate when demand and inventory is normally distributed. Both demand and inventory can be correlated, cross-correlated, and possibly negative in some periods which makes this calculation much more robust than many other other fill rate formulas. More information can be found in Disney et al., (2015).

  • mu1 is the mean of the opening inventory (opening inventory = previous closing inventory + demand).
  • sigma1 is the standard deviation of the opening inventory.
  • mu2 is the mean demand.
  • sigma2 is the standard deviation of demand.
  • rho is the Pearson Correlation Coefficient between the opening inventory and demand.
  • FR is the targt fill rate that you wish to receive.
  • openTNS is the current safety stock (target net stock) used in the opening inventory data.

I am keen to add more functionality to my Operations Analysis Add-in. If you have an idea of something useful to add, please contact me.

Library

A curated list of eBooks relevant to the bullwhip effect. If you would like an eBook to be listed here, please email me.

Setting the Cadence of Your Pacemaker:  A Lean Workbook for Reducing Mura, by Stephen M. Disney

Setting the Cadence of Your Pacemaker: A Lean Workbook for Reducing Mura, by Stephen M. Disney

This visual workbook shows the practical lean manager how to solve the bullwhip problem.

Demand Forecasting for Executives and Professionals, by Stephan Kolassa, Bahman Rostami-Tabar, and Enno Siemsen

Demand Forecasting for Executives and Professionals, by Stephan Kolassa, Bahman Rostami-Tabar, and Enno Siemsen

This is the online home of Demand Forecasting for Executives and Professionals, a book on demand forecasting. This book will be published by CRC Press in September 2023. You can buy the physical copy of the book from Amazon or Routledge.

Forecasting: Theory and Practice, by Fotios Petropoulos et al.

Forecasting: Theory and Practice, by Fotios Petropoulos et al.

This is an online version of the review paper Forecasting: theory and practice, which was last updated on 5 May 2023.

Forecasting: Principles and Practice, by Rob J. Hyndman and George Athanasopoulos

Forecasting: Principles and Practice, by Rob J. Hyndman and George Athanasopoulos

This textbook provides a comprehensive introduction to forecasting methods and presents enough information about each method for readers to be able to use them sensibly without going into technical detials.

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